{"id":5828,"date":"2023-10-26T10:06:25","date_gmt":"2023-10-26T13:06:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.interactsolutions.com\/?p=5828"},"modified":"2026-01-28T12:02:06","modified_gmt":"2026-01-28T15:02:06","slug":"compliance-in-history-the-birth-of-the-area","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.interactsolutions.com\/en\/compliance-in-history-the-birth-of-the-area\/","title":{"rendered":"Compliance in history: The birth of the area"},"content":{"rendered":"

This is the second publication in the Interact series on Compliance, which is based on the research carried out to create the\u00a0Compliance & Risk Management<\/a>\u00a0technology solution. Last week,\u00a0we presented the main events that contributed to the germination of the area.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Today we are going to show how it was effectively constituted, starting in the 1960s. This content is also part of the Interact Compliance Handbook, a 130-page material that includes the history, the conceptual foundations, the Brazilian legislation, the main models in the world and how\u00a0SA Strategic<\/strong>\u00a0Adviser meets these recommendations.<\/p>\n

Formalization of the area (1960-1990)<\/h3>\n

As an area, Compliance began to be conceived from the 1960s. One of the main factors of this development was\u00a0the SEC\u2019s requirement to hire Compliance Officers<\/strong>, professionals dedicated to guaranteeing the performance of procedures in line with the legislation and guidelines internal. For the role, there is also the Chief Compliance Officer variation, without translation into Portuguese. According to the corporation\u2019s organizational chart, he can also be called as Compliance Officer or Vice President of Compliance.<\/p>\n

This milestone gave formality to Compliance, with similar autonomy to the audit sector. At the time, the SEC delegated to the Compliance professional the creation of internal control procedures, the search for the training of people and the monitoring of the institution to assist business. The objective was to act as an assistant in the supervision of the business areas (ABBI, 2009; BRAGATO, 2017).<\/p>\n

In that period, dirty money started to worry the United States, mainly for supporting the growth of mafias, terrorist groups and drug traffickers. In response, the RICO \u2013 Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act was passed in 1970. As penalties, it includes up to 20 years in prison, strict fines and confiscation of any property, business or money from these acts (BRIDGES, 2019).<\/p>\n

War on drugs<\/h3>\n

The notorious war on drugs was born at that time. In 1971, then President Richard Nixon spoke at a conference that illegal drugs have become the country\u2019s \u201cnumber one enemy\u201d. The presence of federal narcotics control agencies has increased dramatically across the country, with the adoption of tough measures. Later, these policies would reverberate in UN member countries in the fight against money laundering (LOBIANCO, 2016).<\/p>\n

However, history does not follow a linear evolutionary order. In 1972, international public opinion turned to the\u00a0espionage scandal in the Democratic party<\/strong>, antagonistic to President Nixon\u2019s Republican party. Five men had tried to tap the phones of the Democratic National Committee at the Watergate complex in Washington, United States.<\/p>\n

\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Photo: Nixon Foundation<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

The investigation identified the president\u2019s knowledge of illegal operations and attempts to hinder investigations. In 1974, after being re-elected president two years earlier, Nixon resigned from office with the overwhelming evidence presented of his involvement (BRAGATO, 2017).<\/p>\n

In addition to demonstrating the weakness of controls in the United States,\u00a0the Watergate case sparked another investigation<\/strong>, which identified the sending of money from American companies to political campaigns, both at home and abroad (SPALDING, 2011).<\/p>\n

The most emblematic case was that of the aircraft company\u00a0Lockheed Aircraft Corporation<\/strong>. In 1976, the United States Senate Foreign Relations Committee revealed that the company had set aside more than 3 billion yen in secret funds to sell planes in Japan. The amounts were passed on in the form of bribes to senior Japanese government officials.<\/p>\n

The middleman of the American company was a former war criminal, linked to the Yakuza mafia. The case sparked a serious ethical scandal in Japan. Six months later, the prime minister was arrested during his tenure. The Tokyo District Prosecutor\u2019s Office accused him of suspected violating the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Law (TOKUMOTO, 2016).<\/p>\n

The black box was opened<\/h3>\n

Lockheed revealed that it had also bribed public officials from then West Germany, Saudi Arabia, the Netherlands and Italy. In total, tuition fees were over $ 22 million at the time. The values \u200b\u200bwere used mainly to beat competitors in bidding for military fighters (SPALDING, 2011).<\/p>\n

During that time, a number of US multinational companies fell into corruption scandals abroad, such as Exxon, Northrop, Gulf Oil and Mobil Oil. Thus\u00a0the credibility of the North American market urgently needed to be restored<\/strong>\u00a0after so many scandals. In response, the United States\u2019 anti-corruption law, the\u00a0Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA)<\/strong>, was enacted in 1977. It has two main provisions: to require accounting transparency requirements under the SEC and to determine penalties for bribery of foreign employees.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe penalties for violating the FCPA\u2019s accounting and record-keeping provisions are the same as those that apply to most other securities law violations. These penalties include fines, but not criminal penalties. Organizations are allowed to use the maintenance of a corporate compliance program as a mitigating factor for possible fines \u201d(CANDELORO, 2012, p. 245).<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

The FCPA reinforced the power of the United States Department of Justice and the SEC to prosecute publicly traded legal entities, of any nationality, registered with the SEC and who have shares on the stock exchanges. Due to the previous scandals of international scope,\u00a0the FCPA was later the inspiration for the creation of international conventions to fight corruption.<\/strong><\/p>\n

He also brought The 10 Hallmarks of an Effective Compliance Program, the basis for the\u00a0U.S. Sentencing Guidelines<\/strong>\u00a0model that in the Compliance Handbook is presented in the Models and Equivalences chapter.<\/p>\n

The law brought as the main point the idea that the payment of bribes to a public agent is something that creates disparities in competition and violates the laws of the market. Thus, the intention was to keep the system healthy, far from practices that could harm countries\u2019 economies (PETRELLUZZI & RIZEK J\u00daNIOR, 2014).<\/p>\n

In the same year, the SEC launched a\u00a0disclosure program<\/strong>, which offered amnesty to companies that assumed improper payments to public officials abroad. Among other things, the initiative required a commitment to adopt internal compliance measures.<\/p>\n

The practice of bribery<\/h3>\n

As a result, more than 400 companies, including the 100 largest in the world, confessed to having paid bribes. Since then, pressure from the United States has increased for member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to also adopt similar procedures to curb the payment of kickbacks in international commercial transactions.\u00a0Compliance started to gain geopolitical weight.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Due to previous scandals of international scope, the FCPA was later the inspiration for the creation of international conventions to fight corruption. In the late 1980s, the United States made money laundering a federal crime, regardless of background.<\/p>\n

Siege of the banking system<\/h3>\n

Two years later, in 1988, the UN convention in Vienna, Austria, endorsed the adoption of severe measures against international drug trafficking, including money laundering, as well as breaking bank secrecy, by legal or investigation committee.\u00a0Brazil adhered to the measures through<\/strong>\u00a0Decree No. 154, of 1991.<\/p>\n

Like the fight against drugs, money laundering also came up for debate at the meeting. The following year, the G7 created the International Financial Action Task Force against Money Laundering \u2013 GAFI (Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering \u2013 FATF), in Paris, France. The body was inserted within the scope of the OECD with the purpose of examining measures, developing policies and promoting actions to combat money laundering.<\/p>\n

In December 1988, the\u00a0Basel Committee on Banking Supervision<\/strong>, an international banking supervision organization, created the statement Prevention of Criminal Use of the Banking System for the Purpose of Money-Laundering. The document brought guidelines to the international financial system to prevent and prevent the use of financial institutions in money laundering acts, in line with the Vienna Convention.<\/p>\n

Created in 1975 by the Group of Ten (G10), an international organization that<\/p>\n

brings together eleven developed and underdeveloped economies, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision is made up of banking supervisory authorities and central banks from Germany, Belgium, Canada, the United States, France, the Netherlands, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the United Kingdom, Sweden and Switzerland.<\/p>\n

References<\/h5>\n

 <\/p>\n

ABBI.\u00a0ASSOCIA\u00c7\u00c3O BRASILEIRA DOS BANCOS INTERNACIONAIS \u2013 Cartilha Fun\u00e7\u00e3o de Compliance<\/strong>, 2009. Dispon\u00edvel em: www.abbi.com.br. Acesso em: 1 fev. 2019.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

BRAGATO, Adelita Aparecida.\u00a0O Compliance no Brasil<\/strong>: A empresa entre a \u00e9tica e o lucro. Disserta\u00e7\u00e3o de mestrado. Programa de Mestrado em Direito da Universidade Nove de Julho. S\u00e3o Paulo, 2017.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

BRIDGES, Ken. McClellan\u2019s RICO Act Defeated the Mafia.\u00a0The Cabin<\/strong>. Conway, Arkansas. 28 Jan 2019. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/www.thecabin.net\/news\/20190128\/mcclellans-rico-act-defeated-mafia<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

CANDELORO, Ana Paula P.\u00a0Compliance 360\u00ba<\/strong>: riscos, estrat\u00e9gias, conflitos e vaidades no mundo corporativo. S\u00e3o Paulo: Trevisan Editora Universit\u00e1ria, 2012.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

LOBIANCO, Tom.\u00a0Report<\/strong>: Aide says Nixon\u2019s war on drugs targeted blacks, hippies. CNN Politics. Atlanta, Georgia, 2016. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2016\/03\/23\/politics\/john-ehrlichman-richard-nixon-drugwar- blacks-hippie\/index.html<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

PETRELLUZZI, Marco Vinicio; RIZEK J\u00daNIOR, Rubens Naman.\u00a0Lei Anticorrup\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong>: Origens, coment\u00e1rios e an\u00e1lises da legisla\u00e7\u00e3o correlata. S\u00e3o Paulo: Saraiva, 2014.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

SPALDING, Andrew Brady. The Irony of International Business Law: U.S. Progressivism, China\u2019s New Laissez Faire, and Their Impact in the Developing World.\u00a0UCLA Law Review<\/strong>, v. 59, 2011. Dispon\u00edvel em: . Acesso em: 4 fev. 2019.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

TOKUMOTO, Eiichiro. The Man Who Pulled the Trigger on a Scandal.\u00a0Blue Review<\/strong>. 17 out. 2016. Dispon\u00edvel em: https:\/\/thebluereview.org\/manpulledtrigger- scandal\/<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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